An exception is found in disaster medical sciences ( Liamputtong, 2007 Ramcharan and Cutcliffe, 2001), where the ethics sections in publications are also about clinical trials and other aspects of implementation. A systematic review of the ethics presented in articles researching humanitarian settings, including disaster responses, revealed that in almost half of the articles, the ethics section focused only on review processes prior to the start of the project ( Bruno and Haar, 2020). In that tradition, ethics lie in the realm of conditions to be met and checks to be done by research ethics committees, for example concerning rules of informed consent and data safekeeping ( Fujii, 2012). For many scholars, ethics are an add-on that stand apart from core research strategies. First, we see ethics as integral to epistemological choices, research design, implementation and research uptake ( Fujii, 2012 Hilhorst et al., 2016). The paper provides three possible contributions to ongoing debate and practice. The emergence or creation of disaster risks and the various responses to disasters throughout the disaster management cycle are profoundly political processes ( Hilhorst, 2013 Olsen et al., 2003 Wisner, 2012), riddled by everyday social dynamics, tensions and conflict ( Desportes et al., 2019 Hilhorst, 2013 Mena and Hilhorst, 2020a Peters and Kelman, 2020). Yet, it is equally relevant to more peaceful settings. It is mainly based on experiences of disaster studies in conflict-affected countries, where an estimated one-third of disasters happen ( Caso, 2019). This paper is about ethics in the everyday practice of disaster studies. The research they do can also have emotional, psychological and moral impacts on the researchers themselves due to their proximity to death, injury and the pain and suffering of others. As such, researchers can be part of disaster risk creation ( Lewis and Kelman, 2012 Wisner and Lavell, 2017). Populations affected by disaster can be traumatized, researchers can put themselves at risk, and research activities can interfere and affect post-disaster operations ( Hunt et al., 2016 Kathleen Geale, 2012 Kelman, 2005 Sumathipala and Siribaddana, 2005).
Researching disasters often means working with people who are vulnerable at different levels. for the people, places and dynamics under study. This paper contributes to debates on ethics with a focus on the implications of research practices for research participants, i.e. All research endeavours have to balance the benefits of the research against the personal and political risks and ramifications of the research process ( Cutcliffe and Ramcharan, 2002 Hilhorst et al., 2016 Liamputtong, 2007 Paradis, 2000). A failure to engage with these concerns may perpetuate power imbalances and lead to re-traumatization or research fatigue ( Cronin-Furman and Lake, 2018 Patel et al., 2020). Nonetheless, decolonization and concomitant concern over inequitable relations between and among research institutes, researchers and other stakeholders the physical and psychological well-being of research participants, collaborators, assistants and researchers and the imposition of methods, frameworks and epistemologies to the study of disasters crafted in minority world organizations continue to be of chief importance. The Periperi U network of disaster scholars has spread from South Africa across the African continent, and the Asian Disaster Reduction and Response Network (ADRRN) gathers researchers and practitioners from 20 countries across the Asia-Pacific region. Critical disaster studies have been pioneered by La Red in Latin America, and the early proponents of citizenry-based disaster risk reduction (DRR) in the Philippines have been at the cradle of the global DRR movement. It is important to acknowledge here that major disaster studies scholars and institutions are found in the majority world. The manifesto situates the ethics of disaster studies in debates over its decolonization. This reflects a wider move in the field of disaster studies to “examine our own practices in terms of how equitable and ethically justifiable they are” ( Alexander et al., 2021, p. The manifesto, Power, Prestige and Forgotten Values: A Disaster Studies Manifesto, advocates “rethinking our research agendas, our methods and our allocation of resources” ( Gaillard, 2019a). In 2020, we joined hundreds of scholars in signing a manifesto for inclusive disaster and risk research.
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